維基導遊:繪製地圖

參見：Wikivoyage:如何使用動態地圖

捷徑：Maps

在這個衛星和GPS的時代，你不再需要是一個專業的繪圖師就能繪製一幅準確的地圖。下面將介紹如何使用Inkscape中繪製一幅標準的維基導遊地圖。（一款免費的繪圖程序，可在大部分系統中使用。）使用其他繪圖程序的過程是類似的。

概覽

維基導遊中的地圖由SVG格式的文件組成（可縮放矢量圖像）。這些文件包含顯示為「矢量」的對象——圖形可以在任何倍率下都不會出現鋸齒。在維基導遊中，這些矢量用來代表街道、地域特色等。

Inkscape's logic是基於將矢量、圖標和文本等「不同對象」的組建到「不同圖層」的結構而生成的SVG文件。

當SVG地圖製成以後，需要導出一份PNG（可攜式網絡圖形）格式的位圖文件，因為所有網絡瀏覽器都可以顯示PNG圖像。不過，兩個版本的文件都應該上傳：一個（SVG）用於將來的編輯，另一個（PNG）則用在維基導遊的條目中。

工具

你可能需要用到一些工具才能創建地圖。其中最關鍵的就是能生成SVG格式文件的基於矢量的繪圖程序，最好是使用Inkscape。

Inkscape[1]是一款開源（自由）的工具，支持Windows、Mac OS X和Linux。請使用最新版本避免出現兼容性問題。

也可以使用其他基於矢量的繪圖程序（例如，Adobe Illustrator [2]、CorelDRAW [3]、Sodipodi and Freehand），不過這篇文章介紹的是如何使用Inkscape繪製。

此外，你必須安裝了這兩個字體：

用於維基導遊地圖的DejaVu Sans和DejaVu Sans Condensed。你可以在這裡找到它們。

地圖類型與模板

在維基導遊中有兩種重要的地圖類型，所以事先確定你的地圖屬於哪種類型是很重要的，因為這會影響到要使用哪個模板。

市、區、街道地圖

此類型地圖用來展示一個城區範圍。最適合使用在通過小城市或區條目模板創建的條目中，使用在通過公園條目模板創建的條目中也是可以的。

此類型的地圖模板可以在這裡下載到。下面是市/區街道地圖的範例，也許你能從中找到一些靈感。這兩者都是使用同一個地圖模板創建的。（點擊圖片放大）

杜邦環島（Dupont Circle）地圖是一個小城區詳細的街道地圖。倫敦漢普斯特德的地圖覆蓋了很大的範圍因此細節方面有些不足（但仍然可觀）。

國家、地區地圖

此類型地圖用來展示一個國家或地區的範圍。適用於使用國家、地區或大城市條目模板創建的條目。

維基導遊中有專門致力於國家/地區地圖製作的遠征隊。如果你計劃繪製此類型的地圖，那麼我們強烈建議你去看看考慮加入該遠征。對於調色、符號使用及你關於國家、地區地圖的其他的細節信息，請參考地區地圖遠征隊及[[talk:Project:地區地圖遠征隊|討論頁]]。

地區地圖模板可以在這裡找到。下面是三種不同的地區地圖範例，也許能對你自己製作地圖有一些幫助。三者都是使用同一個地圖模板創建的。（點擊圖片放大）

泰國國家地圖展示了該國的不同地區、主要交通路線和主要目的地。芝加哥地圖包括了範圍內的城市、交通主幹道及主要區劃。中國國家地圖展示了主要的地區和目的地。

專門地圖

此外，還有一些專門的地圖類型，如潛水點和古蹟。如果你計劃繪製這種性質的專門地圖，那麼我們建議你去下載一個已存在的SVG地圖圖像然後去了解並採用此方面的結構和風格。

創建地圖

在開始創建你自己的地圖之前，先在Inkscape里打開幾個已存在的地圖（SVG格式的）看看其他的維基嚮導如何處理的，找找感覺。

下面的說明和建議主要針對市、區、街道的地圖。一旦你掌握了這種類型的地圖，其他類型的地圖如國家、地區地圖也就沒有問題了。

選項

以下是地圖製作的四點建議：

一、快速地圖，簡單地從OpenStreetMap.org複製地圖，沒有具體的旅遊信息；

二、手繪地圖，根據一個基礎圖像；

三、從OSM導入SVG，然後在Inkscapeand中處理一下；

四、用ShareMap.org生成地圖

當然，你也可以在維基共享資源裡面找找看有沒有能用在維基導遊上面的SVG格式地圖，進行修改，以複合維基導遊標準格式的美感，最後還要加上旅行圖標和注釋。

快速地圖

這三個簡單的步驟可以用來創建簡單的城市街道地圖。

瀏覽openstreetmap.org，找到選定的目的地。
點擊導出數據按鈕。確保選中了「Mapnik Image」且「圖片尺寸」合適（最好介於2000x2000至3000x3000之間）。點擊輸出按鈕下載。
更改默認的「map.png」為更合適的名稱，上傳到維基共享資源。完成！

手繪地圖

手繪地圖將潛在著最優雅且最準確的（當在一個高品質的衛星基本圖像追蹤），以及起初如何在SVG檔逐漸熟悉中最好的方式運作，因為您會從一開始就使用這些！

得到一個基本圖像

為了追蹤新的地圖，你將需要一個現有的地圖或其它圖像來追蹤它（必須符合我們的非營利版權，無論是在公共領域上，或是在適當的創用CC授權兼容）。以下有多種可能來源：

OpenStreetMap.org [4] （簡稱：OSM）是尋找具有街道級別的細節與現有地圖的最佳場所。（有可能從OpenStreetMap使用導出的SVG檔，並由此消除了任何追蹤的需要。參見#從OSM導入SVG以用於詳細說明。）

佩里 - 卡斯塔涅達圖書館所收藏的地圖[5]和聯合國製圖科[6]，是對現有的國家地圖提供良好來源（雖然他們提供的道路網並非總是準確的）。但是在維基導遊的地區地圖遠征隊，已經完成了世界上所有國家的最後一哩路，所以兩大網站的道路網在維基導遊已經變得不那麼重要了！

在陸地衛星全球馬賽克是由NASA WorldWind[7]所有的衛星圖像（除了i-3可視層），Blue Marble和 USGS層為公共領域，因此符合我們的公共版權依據，他們還甚至不要求署名完全兼容。然而不幸的是，通常將不會在可用於美國之外地理位置的公共領域與足夠高的解析度圖像。

維基共享資源[8] 是一開始尋找現有地圖的好地方。按照類別來瀏覽他們的圖像，例如：Category:馬來西亞的地圖或Category:愛爾蘭SVG地圖。

基本圖像應被導入到您自己的地圖檔（圖層，添加圖層）來創建一個新的圖層。我們建議您對應這一層的基地。

定義背景

建立一個新圖層為背景，並使用貝塞爾筆（左側工具欄上的筆符號）標記出這圖層的範圍作為對象，以配合您的地圖大小。

根據您的地圖上的位置，你需要使用灰色來填充背景圖層或使用維基導遊水滴圖案。這是透過選擇物件來實現，從頂部選單中單擊物件，然後進行填入描邊（鍵盤捷徑：shift+ctrl+f）。在出現的選單中，以使用中等灰色來進行填入8e908dff到RGBA框裡（或選擇從模板來使用滴管以填入這個顏色）和使用水滴物件，選擇棋盤圖形按鈕，然後從下拉式框中選pattern8479。請不要使用描邊。

現在應該知道有哪些是來掩蓋包含基本圖像來填滿背景底層吧！請再次選入顯示基本圖像，飽和度於選單框的填滿和描邊，使用不透明度滑塊去色填滿背景層。透過使用它來調降到20％左右，您應該能夠清楚地看到您的基本圖像了。您也可以透過點擊圖層框眼睛標誌關閉所選的圖層。

定義前景

創建您的主地圖圖層。我們建議您呼叫一個圖層前景。再次使用貝塞爾筆，以佈置地圖的區域。

完成後，請修改這些屬性，以反映您的主地圖區域所需淺灰色區域。請使用填入：d0d0d0ff，但不要選擇描邊。

當然，您不應該看到自己想要的地圖區域為完全填滿吧！如同以背景圖層為例，您所見到這些的基本圖像，您將會需要使用不透明度滑塊，以去飽和與填滿或關閉該層。

創建街道網格

令人討厭的貝塞爾筆

如果您沒有任何圖形繪製的經驗，您可能會發現貝塞爾工具起初有點笨拙。但經歷過了一段時間後，您很快就能佈置出美麗的精確曲線了；該「編輯路徑節點」工具（F2），可用於刪除或在曲線調整點。

創建一個新圖層，來呼叫街道與提起這圖層到頂部（shift+ctrl+home）。

使用貝塞爾筆工具來佈置地圖的道路網格。道路應該是白色的，所以設置描邊顏色為ffffffff，且不填滿顏色。

設置測量單位為描邊寬度到毫米（毫米比像素更容易顯現！）。描邊寬度應設為正在追蹤道路的適當寬度。您幾乎肯定會在地圖上以不同道路寬度，以及更容易追蹤每一個共同寬度。保持組織好街道的一個好方法，就是相同的寬度路徑合併成一個路徑。這樣一做，就很容易地從「路徑」選單中選擇一個以上的路徑，然後選擇「合併」（ctrl+k）。

如果您想顯示任何其他運輸路線，如輕軌、地鐵列車和鐵路路線等，現在應該繪製出並添加到一個單獨的圖層。請使用描邊顏色且在您的地圖上選擇最好寬度。

要建立一個黑白虛線的鐵路線（獲得許多維基導遊地圖繪製者的青睞），請創建一個純黑色（或白色）的線，並複製它（ctrl+d），然後設定重複行線填滿為白色，從描邊樣式選擇虛線框（ctrl+shift+f）。

有時理想的顯示行人、小徑、行人道路等，這應該使用虛線來完成，以描邊顏色為eeeccbff。

繪製地理

Pattern pathologies

Inkscape doesn't handle patterns very well. You will notice that patterned objects often display transparent gridlines, and that you seemingly cannot control the scale of the pattern.

The first problem is easily solved by duplicating the patterned object (ctrl+d), moving the duplicate below the original (PgDn/END) and then using the eyedropper tool to set the fill color to the background (green for parks, blue for water) from the original.

For the second problem, there actually is a way to scale patterns in Inkscape, though it is exceptionally well hidden. Select the patterned object with the node editor (F2). Then scroll to the left (often very far to the left), where you will see a square/circle/x "box". By clicking and dragging the square handle, you can scale the pattern.

Create a new layer called Geography and bring that layer to the top (shift+ctrl+home).

Lay out any green spaces, again using the Bézier pen, this time with the Wikivoyage park pattern as fill (pattern15875), stroke color 406c86ff and a stroke width of 0.05mm. If the green area fills up an entire city block between streets, you can set stroke off, draw the area so it overlaps the streets, and then just push the layer down later.

Follow the same process for any bodies of water but use fill: pattern8479, stroke colour: 406c86ff, stroke width: 0.05mm.

Rivers should ideally be drawn with a stroke colour matching the pattern color for water (9ccec9ff), but if they are not showing up clearly enough, try something like 053bd7ff. The stroke width should match the scale of the river you are tracing.

Once this layer is complete, set it to be the layer below the Streets layer and below other transportation layers. Moving layers up and down is relatively straightforward in Inkscape. You can do this either by selecting layer, then raise layer or lower layer, or by using the shortcuts of shift+ctrl+PgUp and shift+ctrl+PgDn.

主要建築

If (only if) your map contains any major buildings or landmarks which you wish to be defined, create a layer above Main area later called Buildings and draw them there. For these the fill color is 8e908dff, the stroke color is 808080ff and the stroke width is again 0.05mm.

註解地圖

您的街道地圖現已準備就緒且是時候將其轉換成一個旅遊指南。

雖然這樣做值得重述您的檔案結構，但目前應該看起來像以前一樣。您必須有以下各層介紹：

街道名稱
道路
地理
建築物（也許）
街道
其他交通路線（也許）
主要區域
背景
基地

Now, create two new layers called Travel icons and Key and bring them to the top.

Depending on the scale of your map, you might need to resize the travel icons provided in the template. To resize icons use menu option object, transform, scale and scale them to a size that will work on your map (ctrl+m). (select multiple objects at once by pressing F1 and drawing a selection rectangle around them). You can copy and paste the required icons from the template.

On the template, you will see a white listings box. This should be copied and pasted into the Key layer. It can be re-sized and re-shaped to best fit your map and the volume of listings it is going to contain. Edit the text in the listings box so that it contains all listings from the article (for see/do, buy, eat, drink, sleep, and contact listings) numbered and in alphabetical order.

Take all the entries of the Wikivoyage article and start placing them in the map, editing them as you go to make sure the numbers to align with those in the listings box. Ideally, you would know exactly where everything goes already but an online address locator like Google Maps is very handy for refreshing your memory. You can change the icon numbers by selecting the text tool, clicking on top of the icon, and then editing the number. Make sure not to change the font of the text in travel icons—it is formatted for maximum readability (especially when printed) at minimum size.

You should now also copy from the template and paste into this layer the inset title box (scale (ctrl-m or ctrl or alt+< or >) and edit as necessary), the scale (adjust as necessary) and the north arrow (scale as necessary). Please remember to take the extra time to add an accurate scale—it's extremely important for travelers determining just how far they'll be walking. An easy way to do this is to just match your scale to the one on your base image.

Note: It is critical to follow the above instructions insofar as you maintain separate layers for any text that could conceivably need translation into other languages, as this will make the process far, far more easy.

精細加工

You should now have all the elements of your map completed and the following steps should ensure that it is finished off nicely:

Change the properties of any desaturated layers back to 100% using the opacity slider.

Create a final layer called Frame in which you mark out the exact area of the map you wish to be exported to the PNG file (and thereby the exact area of the map to be included in the article). This layer should always be the top layer, contain no fill and no stroke width. You can select it even without a fill or stroke by navigating to the Frame layer and pressing ctrl-a to select everything within that layer (do not create more than one object in the frame layer!).

It is a good idea to size your frame so that it can be exported at the exact resolution of 3008x1709 pixels. The thin green box on the template is already set to these proportions, so you only need to resize and/or rotate it to fit your map. For really big maps that are more square than rectangular, double the width of the box to 3008x3418, and it can then be printed as two pages.

Select your frame, then go to File and Document Properties. Click on "Resize page to content" and then "Resize page to drawing or selection". By doing this, thumbnails will appear correctly on Wikimedia Commons.

導出成品地圖

這應該是目前各層最終核對項目：

邊框
關聯
街道名稱
旅行圖標
地圖模板
建築物（也許）
其他交通路線（也許）
街道
地理
前景
背景
基地

You should export a copy of your map to PNG by selecting your blank frame and hitting shift+ctrl+e. This allows you to easily control the size and shape of the export.

It is best to use PNG files, as opposed to raw SVGs, because SVGs do not always display well in various browsers, Wikivoyage does not offer support for SVG graphics, and most importantly, this will allow you and other editors much greater flexibility in coordinating, updating, and generally getting more use out of the SVG file (especially with regards to translating).

When exporting the bitmap, enter an appropriate width in pixels — 2,000-3,000 pixels is usually reasonable, as it will give a great result when printed. A smaller thumbnail of the map will go in the article itself, preferably at a resolution that will allow users to read all text within the article. Give the map a suitable name, click export and you are done!

從OSM導入SVG

The SVG road maps available from OpenStreetMap are a great base for creating Wikivoyage style maps, potentially saving loads of time otherwise spent tracing by hand!

導入

The export feature on OpenStreetMap's main site is effectively broken, so don't bother. Instead, download and install Maperitive [9], an excellent, newbie-friendly program with a handy feature for exporting SVG files from OSM data. BrainCrunch wrote a handy guide [10] to using Maperitive for SVG exports, but the quick version is as follows:

In Maperitive, first navigate to the area you want to export.

Set boundaries using the Map -> Set Bounds menu button, and drag them how you like.
Load the OSM content within those boundaries via Map -> Download OSM Data (Overpass API).
Remove the web map by clicking on "Web map" at the bottom right in the "Map Sources" box, and then click on the red X.
Export to SVG using the command prompt at the bottom of the screen. Enter (without quotes): "export-svg compatibility=inkscape zoom=X"

You can choose any number 1–19 for the zoom, which will decide how much detail is exported (and therefore how big the filesize will be). zoom=15 is the point at which street names are included, but you can preview how much detail you'll get simply by zooming in and out in Maperitive (the keyboard shortcuts are + and -). The current zoom level in Maperitive is always shown in the very bottom taskbar, e.g., "zoom 5.4748".

For exporting a large area, going lower than zoom=7 will usually mean the highways are left off.

處理

OSM imports from Maperitive come with a ton of extraneous layers, and editing in them in Inkscape can place pretty big demands on your PC's memory (and Inkscape loves to crash). This section is a quick and dirty guide to keeping things manageable right from the start.

Save (Ctrl+S) between all steps, and vacuum definitions (File → Vacuum defs) after deleting major layers or items.

1) Turn off the most resource intensive layers. Turn off "line artwork," save. Turn off "polygons," save. Turn off "labels," save.

2) Delete "map frame" and "map grid" layers (but keep the map grid layers if you want to display latitude and longitude, for island archipelago maps, for example) and the floating label.

3) You can delete tons of unnecessary items "polygons" by deleting clearly irrelevant layers without even turning them on to look at them (buildings, orchards, commercial areas, etc.), but you may want to keep "water," "national park," "nature reserve," and any other layers you think you'll want. Deleting buildings in particular helps a lot with reducing the filesize.

4) Create rivers layer (if you want to keep them) and move everything from any river and stream (if you want extra stream details) sublayers of "Line artwork" to that new layer. Then turn the new "rivers" layer off and delete the now empty layers. The easiest way to select all the rivers and streams from different layers at once, in order to move them together, is to turn off or lock all non-river/stream layers and then click and drag to select.

5) Do the same for all highway layers—put them in a new highway layer and delete the now empty layers.

6) It's often useful to preserve the coastline in a separate layer in the same fashion.

7) National Park and all "boundary" layers are usually useful, so be careful to keep them when removing layers from "line artwork."

8) You'll notice that a lot of paths are clones. That's not helpful, so select them (one layer at a time) and use "Edit -> Clone -> Unlink clone" (or Shift+Alt+D) to unlink them. Remove any fill that is auto-added to them in the process, then vacuum defs, save, and watch the filesize decrease!

9) Time to get creative. Import the regions map template to a new "template" layer, and adjust colors to match the Wikivoyage scheme. Create the regions layer, perhaps borrowing boundaries from one of the boundary layers in "Line artwork," add city markers and labels, key, etc. You can use the existing scale in the "Map decoration" layer to measure the Wikivoyage-style scale.

Other tips:

As Inkscape is not good at cropping, the fastest (i.e., least memory-intensive) method is to draw an object (like a rectangle) over the area you want to crop, and then use the difference tool by selecting the object on top and the target of the crop, then pressing Ctrl+-.

The small white streets in imports are the single biggest source of vector nodes that eat up your visual memory. Put them all in a "small streets" layer, and turn it off by clicking the eye icon next to the layer in the layers dialogue (this will render that layer invisible until you turn it back on). Now select a single little white street (Ctrl+click), then hit Ctrl+Shift+X to pull up the XML editor. Then copy the info listed under "style." Hit Ctrl+F to bring up the find box, and paste the style info into the style field, then hit enter. That should select all of the small white streets with that same style. Then hit Ctrl+G to group them, which will make it easier for your computer to move them to a different layer. Now Shift+PgUp to move the small street grid to the invisible "small streets" layer. That can take a while, but once it's done, the small streets will remain hidden until you need them, and won't bog down your system resources.

改造

First text. Unfortunately the text in the "labels" layer of imported OSM SVGs is not usually that helpful. You will probably wind up deleting those layers and adding your own text. Be sure to use DejaVu Sans Condensed!

It's time to move on to the streets (the larger ones, since you already took care of the small ones in the "Manage" section above). You must select all objects of one type (e.g., red-colored streets), put them into one group (Ctrl+G), and then change the color to match the usual Wikivoyage scheme. To select all paths/objects of one category, use the find operation as described in the above section. Red-colored streets are easy to select, for example, simply enter "stroke:#eb9799" to the style box in the find operation to select all red-colored streets. Combine the streets into a group, then move them to a dedicated big streets layer. Repeat for all types of streets. To find unique attributes for the various street types, select one path, then open the XML editor (Shift+Ctrl+X), examine the style attribute, and find a unique value to enter into the find box. To match Wikivoyage color standards, change the stroke colors to white (although freeways/highways can be colored red or yellow to distinguish them from your average city street).

The colors of other objects, such as parks, buildings, and water areas, should also be changed to conform to Wikivoyage standards. This can be done in the same manner, using the find function to select all objects of a specific type, and then using the fill function to change the color (or pattern). Combining all the like objects into one path (Ctrl+K to combine a selection) will help keep things manageable. You can obtain standard colors and patterns here.

完成

The final tasks are much more simple, but are time intensive. What is left is to add travel icons, a key, title, compass, scale, etc. These tasks are identical to those described in the section above for hand drawn maps.

ShareMap.org

ShareMap.org is a social mapping service that allows the creation of freely licenced (CC-SA-3) SVG maps. Maps created with ShareMap can afterwards be tweaked in classic SVG editors before uploading.

主要特點

Ability to import specific type of objects from OpenStreetMap
Ability to import user data collected by GPS (using GPX format)
Ability to trace old printed map (especially interesting when you map historical features)
At the same time, both a static (also known as SVG) and interactive, dynamic map is created

缺點

Sometimes the visual appearance has to be tweaked in Inkscape before publication
For performance reasons, OpenStreetMap backgrounds are embedded rasters
With large datasets, classic GIS tools (QGis, Grass GIS) are more stable than web based ShareMap.

上傳你的地圖

當要上傳您的地圖時，請記得務必上傳於維基共享資源，並隨時上傳位圖（.png）和載體（.SVG）之版本。這樣將促使其他人可以在之後會添加到地圖中。

幫助

以下為維基導遊的地圖廠商，他們都樂意給予具體的幫助和給他人建議。敬請給予留言任何的問題和要求，並留言在他們的用戶對話頁上，但您千萬不要去為難他們就是！

Inkscape中的技巧和竅門

Please all map-makers use this section to add useful tips and tricks for using Inkscape.

Use the edit path nodes tool (F2) for manipulating streets, since this keeps the stroke width constant.

To extend a street, select it with edit path nodes tool and then choose the Bézier tool. Any nodes you add will become a part of the same object.

Use ALT-cursor keys to 'nudge' objects into the right place.

Objects can be combined into layers, which can be made visible or invisible by clicking on the "eye" icon. The following layer stack makes it easy to 'peel part' various components of a map: background - satellite data - area highlight - street map - area annotations.

Locking layers that you are not actively working on can save you a lot of trouble by making it impossible to accidentally move or change objects on the locked layers.

Inkscape is not the most stable of programs and is prone to hanging. It has an autosave feature in the latest version, but it's not 100% reliable; remember to save your work regularly.

In Inkscape, be warned that grouping items together from different layers will bring them up to the layer of the highest item in the selection.

Combining paths (ctrl-k) or grouping (ctrl-g) paths with exactly the same attributes (streets, parks, water) can save a lot of time, as it allows you to change identical paths with a single click. To automatically select paths with the same attributes, hit ctrl-x to bring up the XML editor; highlight and copy (ctrl-c) an item relevant item under style (such as fill:XXXXXXFF); then hit ctrl-f to bring up the find box; and paste (ctrl-v) the item into the it's style field. From there press enter, and you will have selected every path in your SVG with that particular attribute!

The union, difference, and intersection tools from the path menu are incredibly useful for precise manipulation of objects. It will take a bit of experimentation to master their use, but this is especially worthwhile for handling complex geography, or creating interlocking color fields to display neighborhoods or regions on your map.

Before performing operations, always close the XML editor, which will otherwise display every individual change painfully slowly.

繪製地圖

目次

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